From Ritual to Production in Sport
Excerpted from Dunning & Sheard (1979), Barbarians, Gentlemen and Players: A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football:
FOLK GAMES | MODERN SPORT |
diffuse, informal organization | highly specific, formal organization; institutionally differentiated at local, nat'l, int'l levels |
traditional rules, simple | formal, elaborate written rules |
imperceptible "drift" of rules | rational-bureaucratic rules and rule changes |
variable space, time and number of participants | fixed space, time, and number of participants |
little role specificity | division of labour/role differentiation |
no firm division between players and spectators | rigid division between player and spectator |
local contests central locus of competition | national and international contests superimposed on local; monetization of sport |
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